Cyber-enabled fraud (CEF) is a growing transnational organised crime. CEF criminal syndicates are often well structured into distinct sub-groups with specialised areas of criminal expertise, including money laundering. These sub-groups may also be loosely organised and de-centralised across different jurisdictions, which further complicate efforts to investigate CEF activity. CEF syndicates are also found to be linked to other types of criminality, notably human trafficking and forced labour in CEF call centres as well as proliferation financing linked to illicit cyber activities from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK).
